In the wireless world, the name Bluetooth
and WIFI have become a household name in recent years. They quickly find applications
amongst others in mobile computing and mobile phones.
Zigbee is the result of the demand from industry and consumer for wireless applications that demand for lower data rate, longer battery life, simple design, shorter range and low cost solutions.
Introduction To IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 is a simple standard that specifies the Media Access Controller (MAC) and Physical (PHY) networking layers for packet data protocol. Its license free frequency bands are:
2.4 GHz (16 channels with baud rate of 250 kps)
902 MHz - 928 MHz (10 channels with baud rate of 40 kps)
868 MHz - 870 MHz (1 channel with baud rate of 20 kps)
North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand use the sub 1 GHz bands whereas the rest of the world uses 2.4 GHz bands.
It uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collison Avoidance for Channel Access.
The security method used is AES-128.
Has message acknowledgement and a host of other features.
Zigbee Applications
Zigbee technology is based on IEEE 802.15.4 industry standard. It incorporates the standard, adding the logical network, security and software to it. It supports up to 3 network topologies namely STAR, MESH and CLUSTER tree. Developers need only have to focus on application while the MCU/Microprocessor/RF Transceiver makers and Zigbee Alliance take care of the RF Transmitter, RF Receiver, RF Channel and its protocol.
There are 3 types of traffics that can be used.
a) Periodic data
An example of this traffic is a wireless sensor to read the water meter. The sensor is programmed to wake up at certain interval to transmit the information needed and goes back to sleep after this is done.
b) Intermittent data
An example of this traffic is a wireless light switch to ON or OFF a light manually. It is triggered only by external input and hence wakes up to transmit the message to the network. When done, it is disconnected to the network and hence save energy.
c) Repetitive data
An example of this traffic is the security system monitoring. The devices are time multiplex to return its status to the network. This type uses more energy.
There are numerous applications that can be implemented using Zigbee. Amongst others are in the industry and home applications.
In the industry, the applications include utility and metering where gas/water/electricity meter readings are automated and send back to utility headquarter for further action. This saves the time it takes for their personnel to come to the premises to take its reading. In the area of warehousing/inventory management , the wireless technology will enable accurate and hassle free management of goods. Security and access control, building management system and lighting control are among the applications that can be implemented with ease.
In the home, a total home automation system to control lightings, blinds, air conditioning, security system, remote control and appliances can be implemented.
A good reference source and solution on Zigbee can be obtained from Microchip Website.
Thursday, December 10, 2009
Home Lighting System Project
In recent year, the control of Home Lighting System
has developed from standalone type to more complicated networking controls. Many building management system and even the security system have incorporate the control of lighting into their system as a total solution to their customers. However, there are still no single universal protocol for the building or lighting control system.
The lighting industry has developed a new standard for communication with electronic ballast. Electronic ballast is a common lighting device that is used in practically every building, factory or residential house. This standard called IEC 929 is an interface standard for communication between a controller and the electronic ballast. The standard for the control is called DALI, an acronym for Digital Addressable Lighting Interface. DALI is meant for home or industry use which has 2 wire communication connection between the master-slave and slave-slave. It is developed to reduce the cost of implementation.
Among the features that can be applied are dimming features and control for different grouping/section of the building.
The electronic ballasts can have up to 16 groups and each group can have up to 16 different lighting parameters for the lighting scenes. Each controller can controlled up to 64 electronic ballasts.
There are many ways to implement the DALI depending on the cost and requirements of a home or building. Most of the time, a microcontroller is used at both the slave and the master controller units as this is one of the most cost effective ways to implement the system.
Freescale Semiconductor has developed a prototype and solution based on DALI using its MC68HC908KX8 device. This is a good reference project for students and beginners to inter-networking of devices. The full application design
can be downloaded from Freescale Semiconductor website.
has developed from standalone type to more complicated networking controls. Many building management system and even the security system have incorporate the control of lighting into their system as a total solution to their customers. However, there are still no single universal protocol for the building or lighting control system.
The lighting industry has developed a new standard for communication with electronic ballast. Electronic ballast is a common lighting device that is used in practically every building, factory or residential house. This standard called IEC 929 is an interface standard for communication between a controller and the electronic ballast. The standard for the control is called DALI, an acronym for Digital Addressable Lighting Interface. DALI is meant for home or industry use which has 2 wire communication connection between the master-slave and slave-slave. It is developed to reduce the cost of implementation.
Among the features that can be applied are dimming features and control for different grouping/section of the building.
The electronic ballasts can have up to 16 groups and each group can have up to 16 different lighting parameters for the lighting scenes. Each controller can controlled up to 64 electronic ballasts.
There are many ways to implement the DALI depending on the cost and requirements of a home or building. Most of the time, a microcontroller is used at both the slave and the master controller units as this is one of the most cost effective ways to implement the system.
Freescale Semiconductor has developed a prototype and solution based on DALI using its MC68HC908KX8 device. This is a good reference project for students and beginners to inter-networking of devices. The full application design
can be downloaded from Freescale Semiconductor website.
X10 Home Automation Project
X-10 is a communication protocol designed for sending signals over 120 VAC wiring
. X-10 uses 120 kHz bursts timed with the power line zero-crossings to represent digital information. X10 components send signals through your home electrical wiring. There are 16 house codes and 16 unit numbers per house code available on your network for a total of 256 addresses. You can control multiple devices by setting them the same house code.
X10 plug in modules are now commonly used in the area of security
, lighting, control of TV, motion detectors and other applications. It should be noted if there is no filter at the house breaker box, signals can pass from one house to another and cause odd behavior. If you have problems with a device on a given house and unit code, experiment with other codes and see if the problem goes away.
X-10 transmissions are synchronized with the zero-crossings on the AC power line. By monitoring for the zero-crossings, X-10 devices know when to transmit or receive X-10 information. A binary ‘1’ is represented by a 1 ms long burst of 120 kHz, near the zero-crossing point of the AC. A binary zero is represented by the lack of the 120 kHz burst. The timing diagram is as shown below.
X10 Home Automation Project
This application note discusses the implementation of X-10 on a PICmicro MCU to create a home controller that can both send and receive X-10 signals. The reader may implement the home controller as is, or adapt the circuits and firmware
to other applications. A library of X-10 functions is provided to facilitate development of other X-10 applications using PICmicro microcontrollers.
It allows the user to program on and off times for up to sixteen devices, using a 2 x 16 liquid crystal display and five push buttons. A built-in light sensor can be used to turn on lights at dusk, and turn them off at The home controller is designed to facilitate experimentation with home automation using the PIC16F877A.
It will be a good project for final year students to embark on and hence gain a considerable experience in X10 wireless technology.
The application note of X10 Home Automation Project and its source codes can be downloaded from Microchip website.
. X-10 uses 120 kHz bursts timed with the power line zero-crossings to represent digital information. X10 components send signals through your home electrical wiring. There are 16 house codes and 16 unit numbers per house code available on your network for a total of 256 addresses. You can control multiple devices by setting them the same house code.
X10 plug in modules are now commonly used in the area of security
, lighting, control of TV, motion detectors and other applications. It should be noted if there is no filter at the house breaker box, signals can pass from one house to another and cause odd behavior. If you have problems with a device on a given house and unit code, experiment with other codes and see if the problem goes away.
X-10 transmissions are synchronized with the zero-crossings on the AC power line. By monitoring for the zero-crossings, X-10 devices know when to transmit or receive X-10 information. A binary ‘1’ is represented by a 1 ms long burst of 120 kHz, near the zero-crossing point of the AC. A binary zero is represented by the lack of the 120 kHz burst. The timing diagram is as shown below.
X10 Home Automation Project
This application note discusses the implementation of X-10 on a PICmicro MCU to create a home controller that can both send and receive X-10 signals. The reader may implement the home controller as is, or adapt the circuits and firmware
to other applications. A library of X-10 functions is provided to facilitate development of other X-10 applications using PICmicro microcontrollers.
It allows the user to program on and off times for up to sixteen devices, using a 2 x 16 liquid crystal display and five push buttons. A built-in light sensor can be used to turn on lights at dusk, and turn them off at The home controller is designed to facilitate experimentation with home automation using the PIC16F877A.
It will be a good project for final year students to embark on and hence gain a considerable experience in X10 wireless technology.
The application note of X10 Home Automation Project and its source codes can be downloaded from Microchip website.
Bluetooth Technology
Bluetooth technology is a radio frequency short range communications technology that was created with the intention of replacing wired cables that are used to connect various portable and fixed devices. The use of this technology will do away with the physical cables that connect devices. The key features are its low cost, low power and robustness in maintaining high level of security.
Bluetooth was made possible by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group(SIG) which was founded by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba in the year 1998. The objective was to develop an open specifications for short range wireless connectivity. More than 1900 companies have since joined the SIG and the numbers are increasing day by day.
Specifications
The specifications provide developers the link layer and application layer definitions which are used to support both voice and data applications. The spectrum of frequency used is in the unlicensed ISM(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band at 2.4 Ghz to 2.485 GHz using spread spectrum and frequency hopping. As this is a free band, there is no cost for the use of Bluetooth compared to cellular phones where one must subscribe to use the network of GSM or CDMA.
IEEE 802.15.1 standard is used in the development of Bluetooth enabled products. The versions used are Ver 1.2 with data rate of 1 Mbps and ver 2.0 with data rate of up to 3 Mbps. The range of operation depends on the device classes. They are:
Class 3 – 1 meter range with maximum permitted power set at 1mW.
Class 2 – 10 meters range with maximum permitted power set at 2.5mW.
Class 1 – 100 meters range with maximum permitted power set at 5mW.
Bluetooth Applications
The technology allows the data and voice transmissions to be handled simultaneously. Hence, Bluetooth applications have been used in communications solutions such as hands free headset, mobile phones, laptop, PDA, printers, mouse, keyboard, MP3 players and fax machines amongst others. As this technology is made available in the global scale, one will be able to find many products that exhibit such capability.
In Voice over IP (VOIP) application, Bluetooth headsets are being used as wireless extensions to the PC audio system. As VOIP becomes more popular compared to wired phone, Bluetooth may be used in Cordless handsets, with a base station connected to the Internet link.
One good link for free downloading of Bluetooth technology design is from IVT Corporation. It is a world leader in providing Bluetooth Technology and Fixed-Mobile Convergence(FMC) Solutions.
Bluetooth was made possible by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group(SIG) which was founded by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba in the year 1998. The objective was to develop an open specifications for short range wireless connectivity. More than 1900 companies have since joined the SIG and the numbers are increasing day by day.
Specifications
The specifications provide developers the link layer and application layer definitions which are used to support both voice and data applications. The spectrum of frequency used is in the unlicensed ISM(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band at 2.4 Ghz to 2.485 GHz using spread spectrum and frequency hopping. As this is a free band, there is no cost for the use of Bluetooth compared to cellular phones where one must subscribe to use the network of GSM or CDMA.
IEEE 802.15.1 standard is used in the development of Bluetooth enabled products. The versions used are Ver 1.2 with data rate of 1 Mbps and ver 2.0 with data rate of up to 3 Mbps. The range of operation depends on the device classes. They are:
Class 3 – 1 meter range with maximum permitted power set at 1mW.
Class 2 – 10 meters range with maximum permitted power set at 2.5mW.
Class 1 – 100 meters range with maximum permitted power set at 5mW.
Bluetooth Applications
The technology allows the data and voice transmissions to be handled simultaneously. Hence, Bluetooth applications have been used in communications solutions such as hands free headset, mobile phones, laptop, PDA, printers, mouse, keyboard, MP3 players and fax machines amongst others. As this technology is made available in the global scale, one will be able to find many products that exhibit such capability.
In Voice over IP (VOIP) application, Bluetooth headsets are being used as wireless extensions to the PC audio system. As VOIP becomes more popular compared to wired phone, Bluetooth may be used in Cordless handsets, with a base station connected to the Internet link.
One good link for free downloading of Bluetooth technology design is from IVT Corporation. It is a world leader in providing Bluetooth Technology and Fixed-Mobile Convergence(FMC) Solutions.
Battery Tester Project Using LM3914 IC
This objective of this project is to design and build a battery tester that is able to test various types of dry cell and rechargable battery with a voltage of less than 2V. Configured as a bar graph battery level indicator, the LM3914 IC from National Semiconductor senses the voltage levels of the battery under test and drives the 10 LEDs to ON or OFF based on the voltage that is detected. The current driving the LEDs is regulated by using the external resistor R1 and hence limiting resistors are not required.
The schematic shows the simple connections where the reference voltage at pin 8 of U1 can be adjusted by adjusting the variable resistor VR1. The voltage at pin 8 will set the maximum scale of the LED. In testing dry cell battery of 1.5V, set the voltage at pin 8 to 2.0V. Each of the LED will thus represent 200mV when lighted up.
If testing of rechargable battery such as NiCd or NiMH is required, set the reference voltage to a lower value such as 1.5V as the typical voltage of a rechargable battery is approximately 1.2V.
When testing the battery, take note of the polarity of the probe to the terminals of the battery. T1 is to be placed on the positive terminal and T2 the negative terminal of the battery.
The schematic shows the simple connections where the reference voltage at pin 8 of U1 can be adjusted by adjusting the variable resistor VR1. The voltage at pin 8 will set the maximum scale of the LED. In testing dry cell battery of 1.5V, set the voltage at pin 8 to 2.0V. Each of the LED will thus represent 200mV when lighted up.
If testing of rechargable battery such as NiCd or NiMH is required, set the reference voltage to a lower value such as 1.5V as the typical voltage of a rechargable battery is approximately 1.2V.
When testing the battery, take note of the polarity of the probe to the terminals of the battery. T1 is to be placed on the positive terminal and T2 the negative terminal of the battery.
Color Sensor
Colour sensor is an interesting project for hobbyists. The cir- cuit can sense eight colours, i.e. blue, green and red (primary colours); magenta, yellow and cyan (secondary colours); and black and white. The circuit is based on the fundamentals of optics and digital electronics. The object whose colour is required to be detected should be placed in front of the system. The light rays reflected from the object will fall on the three convex lenses which are fixed in front of the three LDRs. The convex lenses are used to converge light rays. This helps to increase the sensitivity of LDRs. Blue, green and red glass plates (filters) are fixed in front of LDR1, LDR2 and LDR3 respectively. When reflected light rays from the object fall on the gadget, the coloured filter glass plates determine which of the LDRs would get triggered. The circuit makes use of only �AND� gates and �NOT� gates.
When a primary coloured light ray falls on the system, the glass plate corresponding to that primary colour will allow that specific light to pass through. But the other two glass plates will not allow any light to pass through. Thus only one LDR will get triggered and the gate output corresponding to that LDR will become logic 1 to indicate which colour it is. Similarly, when a secondary coloured light ray falls on the system, the two primary glass plates corres- ponding to the mixed colour will allow that light to pass through while the remaining one will not allow any light ray to pass through it. As a result two of the LDRs get triggered and the gate output corresponding to these will become logic 1 and indicate which colour it is.
When all the LDRs get triggered or remain untriggered, you will observe white and black light indications respectively. Following points may be carefully noted :
1. Potmeters VR1, VR2 and VR3 may be used to adjust the sensitivity of the LDRs.
2. Common ends of the LDRs should be connected to positive supply.
3. Use good quality light filters.
The LDR is mounded in a tube, behind a lens, and aimed at the object. The coloured glass filter should be fixed in front of the LDR as shown in the figure. Make three of that kind and fix them in a suitable case. Adjustments are critical and the gadget performance would depend upon its proper fabrication and use of correct filters as well as light conditions
Wednesday, August 12, 2009
Fire Monitor
This project “Fire Monitor” is used to monitor the Temperature of two Rooms and if the sensor found any fire in the Room then the alarm will be switched ON until the Fire is put off else the Reset button is pressed. The Fire was sensed by using the Thermistor. The Thermistor is a passive device which has a Negative Temperature Co-efficient (NTC), i.e when the temperature increases then the resistance of the Thermistor will decrease. A analog comparator is used for the fire sensor circuit , at normal temperature the output of the comparator is low, and if there is any fire hazard, then the temperature increases and therefore the resistance of the Thermistor decreases and the output of the comparator goes High which Trigger the Microprocessor though the PPI 8255. Then the Microprocessor will switch ON the Alarm for fire. The above system is monitored and controlled by the 8 bit Microprocessor. The Microprocessor continuously monitors the two sensors and if any one of the sensor sense Fire then it latches the sensor and the microprocessor switch on the Alarm according to the software stored on the RAM.
FRIENDLY CHARGER FOR MOBILE PHONES
Most mobile chargers do not have current/voltage regulation or short-circuit protection. These chargers provide raw 6-12V DC for charging the battery pack. Most of the mobile phone battery packs have a rating of 3.6V, 650 mAh. For increasing the life of the battery, slow charging at low current is advisable. Six to ten hours of charging at 150-200mA current is a suitable option. This will prevent heating up of the battery and extend its life. The circuit described here provides around 180mA current at 5.6V and protects the mobile phone from unexpected voltage fluctuations that develop on the mains line. So the charger can be left ‘on’ over night to replenish the battery charge.
The circuit protects the mobile phone as well as the charger by immediately disconnecting the output when it senses a voltage surge or a short circuit in the battery pack or connector. It can be called a ‘middle man’ between the existing charger and the mobile phone. It has features like voltage and current regulation, over-current protection, and high- and low-voltage cut-off. An added speciality of the circuit is that it incorporates a short delay of ten seconds to switch on when mains resumes following a power failure. This protects the mobile phone from instant voltage spikes.
The circuit is designed for use in conjunction with a 12V, 500mA adaptor (battery eliminator). Op-amp IC CA3130 is used as a voltage comparator. It is a BiMOS operational amplifier with MOSFET input and CMOS output. Inbuilt gate-protected p-channel MOSFETs are used in the input to provide very high input impedance. The output voltage can swing to either positive or negative (here, ground) side. The inverting input (pin 3) of IC1 is connected to 12V stabilised DC voltage developed across zener ZD1. This makes the output of IC1 high. After a power resumption, capacitor C1 provides delay of a few seconds to charge to a potential higher than of inverting pin 2 of CA3130, thus the output of IC1 goes high only after the delay.
In the case of a heavy power line surge, zener diode ZD1 (12V, 1W) will breakdown and short pin 3 of IC1 to ground and the output of IC1 drops to ground level. The output of IC1 is fed to the base of npn Darlington transistor BD677 (T2) for charging the battery. Transistor T2 conducts only when the output of IC1 is high. During conduction the emitter voltage of T2 is around 10V, which passes through R6 to restrict the charging current to around 180 mA. Zener diode ZD2 regulates the charging voltage to around 5.6V.
When a short-circuit occurs at the battery terminal, resistor R8 senses the over-current, allowing transistor T1 to conduct and light up LED1. Glowing of LED2 indicates the charging mode, while LED1 indicates shortcircuit or over-current status. The value of resistor R8 is important to get the desired current level to operate the cut-off. With the given value of R8 (3.3 ohms), it is 350 mA. Charging current can also be changed by increasing or decreasing the value of R7 using the ‘I=V/R’ rule.
Construct the circuit on a common PCB and house in a small plastic case. Connect the circuit between the output lines of the charger and the input pins of the mobile phone with correct polarity.
Wednesday, July 29, 2009
Digital integrated circuit tester using microprocessor
The IC tester should be able to test some ICs to ascertain their functionality,state the actual fautly pin and give the necessary recommendations based on the fault detected as well as recommed the equivallent IC. The major instruments need are microproccessor, which will coordinate the activities of the components such as the socket were the IC will be inserted and the display gadget which will display the result.
Video Library-Management system
The current electronic world offers a lot of entertainment features to the people. In the electronic entertainment world the movie videos is one of the leading source. Lots of people are doing this entertainment feature through video libraries. There is a need for software for these video libraries which will assist them in a lot of ways. The project ‘Video Library-Management System’ consists of modules which are used to maintain the customers’ available, available movies, the video suppliers’ information, purchasing details, the member registration, issue of videos and their return status. The customer module covers the customer id, name, address, contact no, email address, city. This module allows the user to add, edit, and removal of customer details.
The movie module used to add, modify the movie details like movie title, movie cast, language of the movies, movie rating, hiring charges, no of copies available, description about the movies. The supplier module covers the supplier id, name, address, contact no, email address, city. This module allows the user to add, edit and removal of supplier details. The purchasing module consists of purchase no, supplier id, supplier name, supplier address, product item, quantity, unit, rate amount. The stock will be updated immediately after purchase.
The issue module maintain the information like issue no, movie id, movie name, hiring charges, customer id, customer name, issued days, scheduled return days. When the user return the videos the fine details if applicable also calculated and bill prepared accordingly. This software allows the user to generate detailed reports like the movies available, the customer details, the movies hired. These reports provide the detailed activity of the library. The language used is VB.NET to develop the GUI and MS Access as the backend to store the details.
The movie module used to add, modify the movie details like movie title, movie cast, language of the movies, movie rating, hiring charges, no of copies available, description about the movies. The supplier module covers the supplier id, name, address, contact no, email address, city. This module allows the user to add, edit and removal of supplier details. The purchasing module consists of purchase no, supplier id, supplier name, supplier address, product item, quantity, unit, rate amount. The stock will be updated immediately after purchase.
The issue module maintain the information like issue no, movie id, movie name, hiring charges, customer id, customer name, issued days, scheduled return days. When the user return the videos the fine details if applicable also calculated and bill prepared accordingly. This software allows the user to generate detailed reports like the movies available, the customer details, the movies hired. These reports provide the detailed activity of the library. The language used is VB.NET to develop the GUI and MS Access as the backend to store the details.
MOBILE POSITIONING USING WIRELESS NETWORKS
The aim of the project is to find out the best possible accurate mobile location method and demonstrate it with the help of a cell planning tool. Also find the fundamental limitation associated with the mobile positioning based on available wireless network measurements. In this Project we will investigate the Wireless Systems for locating and tracking users or goods within closed or open environments .which are of great interest for the human society as well as for world economy. Typical applications are e.g. emergency services and avalanche victim search or in mobile computing applications, tracking of goods and any location aware services. pervasive computing ,location-sensitive content deliver direction finding ,asset tracking ,emergency notification ,locate avalanche victims.
Water purification plant control system
You are working as a design engineer at a company that specializes in water treatment plants. You have been given the task to develop the control system software for the 1st stage dosing system of a water purification plant for a manufacturing company. Dirty water, as result of the manufacturing processes, is pumped into a settling tank to allow impurities to settle. To promote the settling process a flocculant must be added to the water in the Mixing Tank before the water enters the Settling Tank.
The amount of flocculant required is directly proportional to the amount of impurities in the water. The amount of solids in the water can be measured using a LDR sensor, the amount of impurities reducing the amount of light passing through the water. There are 4 solenoid valves that control the amount of flocculant that is added to the dirty water in the Mixing Tank. The amount of valves to be opened depends on how clear the water is. If the water is clear, all valves would be closed and as the amount of impurities in the water increases so more valves will be opened. The control system must use a PIC16F88 microcontroller and the development work must be done using the Matrix Multimedia development board.
The amount of flocculant required is directly proportional to the amount of impurities in the water. The amount of solids in the water can be measured using a LDR sensor, the amount of impurities reducing the amount of light passing through the water. There are 4 solenoid valves that control the amount of flocculant that is added to the dirty water in the Mixing Tank. The amount of valves to be opened depends on how clear the water is. If the water is clear, all valves would be closed and as the amount of impurities in the water increases so more valves will be opened. The control system must use a PIC16F88 microcontroller and the development work must be done using the Matrix Multimedia development board.
Micro controller Based Automobile Monitoring system
The aim of this project is to build a Micro controller Based Automobile Monitoring system. Using this system one can monitor the vehicle parameters to achieve safe drive. The system can monitor the km/h, engine temperature, fuel quantity, battery voltage, side stand status ect. Whenever any of these parameters goes beyond the set limits, the system will give alarm indication. All the parameters are displayed on liquid crystal display. This acts as an output media of the system. The brain of the system is the micro controller AT89S8252 that takes care of all the processing required. The controller is associated with components like ADC to ensure the analog values, temperature sensor to measure engine temperature, photo interrupter module to measure the speed, and keyboard to set the required limits.
Telephone record control
Circuit operation is as follows. When the phone is on hook the voltage across the phone line is about 48volts dc. When the phone is off hook the voltage will drop to below 10volts dc. When the line voltage is at 48volts the FET is off which causes Q2 and Q3 to be off. When the phone is picked up the FET turns on along with Q2 and Q3 which turns your recorder on. The tape recorder must be in the record mode at all times. As you can see the power source for the circuit is the phone line.
Prepaid energy meter
uses an 8051 and 89c2051.8051 as main microcontroller.89c2051 as smartcard and in it maximum units to be used is programmed.this data is given to 8051.8051 is connected to a digital energy meter.8051 is programmed to decrement the maximum units as aresponse to the information from digital energy meter.There is a buzzer to warn the user.When maximum use is made ,relay is cut off.Then we have to reset both microcontollers using push on switches
GPS based road traffic monitoring system
Aim is to monitor vehicles in a city using GPS satellites each vehicle has a device composed of sensors and circuits and transceiver and there will be a central station which proceses the information received thus the sensors in the vehicle such as speed sensors and acceleration sensors are used to know the state of the vehicle and when a driver violates a traffic rule the information and the identity of the vehicle is transmitted to the central station
Automation of Telephone Exchange
The purpose of making this project is to generally reduce the problems and obstacles while making a call. This can be done by replacing whole cards, connectors, buses etc by replacing a self designed digital IC. This project gives a basic idea of communication of Inter-exchange calling and Intra-exchange calling. The designing is possible by generating the codes through VHDL(a hardware description language for digital circuits).
Infrared Head phone
Using this low-cost project one can reproduce audio from TV without disturbing others. It does not use any wire connection between TV and headphones. In place of a pair of wires, it uses invisible infrared light to transmit audio signals from TV to headphones. Without using any lens, a range of up to 6 metres is possible. Range can be extended by using lenses and reflectors with IR sensors comprising transmitters and receivers
Gps navigation system
project is all about navigation various objects with 95%+ accuracy. 'gps module will recieve signals from satalite and transmit these signals to the base station through gprs. where on the base computer we have to map the gps point and send the cursor to the location as mapped. so i need how to perform this task. and i also need such a degital map which can detect even buildins like microsoft degital map. also need gps software
Railway station display
Project is to display the station name in each of the compartment of train. We plan to do this by giving a specific binary code(such as 101101110),and that code will be displayed using a led's and in front of train we have a demodulator.Using the result of demodulator we can display name of station from look up table
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