In the wireless world, the name Bluetooth
and WIFI have become a household name in recent years. They quickly find applications
amongst others in mobile computing and mobile phones.
Zigbee is the result of the demand from industry and consumer for wireless applications that demand for lower data rate, longer battery life, simple design, shorter range and low cost solutions.
Introduction To IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 is a simple standard that specifies the Media Access Controller (MAC) and Physical (PHY) networking layers for packet data protocol. Its license free frequency bands are:
2.4 GHz (16 channels with baud rate of 250 kps)
902 MHz - 928 MHz (10 channels with baud rate of 40 kps)
868 MHz - 870 MHz (1 channel with baud rate of 20 kps)
North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand use the sub 1 GHz bands whereas the rest of the world uses 2.4 GHz bands.
It uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collison Avoidance for Channel Access.
The security method used is AES-128.
Has message acknowledgement and a host of other features.
Zigbee Applications
Zigbee technology is based on IEEE 802.15.4 industry standard. It incorporates the standard, adding the logical network, security and software to it. It supports up to 3 network topologies namely STAR, MESH and CLUSTER tree. Developers need only have to focus on application while the MCU/Microprocessor/RF Transceiver makers and Zigbee Alliance take care of the RF Transmitter, RF Receiver, RF Channel and its protocol.
There are 3 types of traffics that can be used.
a) Periodic data
An example of this traffic is a wireless sensor to read the water meter. The sensor is programmed to wake up at certain interval to transmit the information needed and goes back to sleep after this is done.
b) Intermittent data
An example of this traffic is a wireless light switch to ON or OFF a light manually. It is triggered only by external input and hence wakes up to transmit the message to the network. When done, it is disconnected to the network and hence save energy.
c) Repetitive data
An example of this traffic is the security system monitoring. The devices are time multiplex to return its status to the network. This type uses more energy.
There are numerous applications that can be implemented using Zigbee. Amongst others are in the industry and home applications.
In the industry, the applications include utility and metering where gas/water/electricity meter readings are automated and send back to utility headquarter for further action. This saves the time it takes for their personnel to come to the premises to take its reading. In the area of warehousing/inventory management , the wireless technology will enable accurate and hassle free management of goods. Security and access control, building management system and lighting control are among the applications that can be implemented with ease.
In the home, a total home automation system to control lightings, blinds, air conditioning, security system, remote control and appliances can be implemented.
A good reference source and solution on Zigbee can be obtained from Microchip Website.
Thursday, December 10, 2009
Home Lighting System Project
In recent year, the control of Home Lighting System
has developed from standalone type to more complicated networking controls. Many building management system and even the security system have incorporate the control of lighting into their system as a total solution to their customers. However, there are still no single universal protocol for the building or lighting control system.
The lighting industry has developed a new standard for communication with electronic ballast. Electronic ballast is a common lighting device that is used in practically every building, factory or residential house. This standard called IEC 929 is an interface standard for communication between a controller and the electronic ballast. The standard for the control is called DALI, an acronym for Digital Addressable Lighting Interface. DALI is meant for home or industry use which has 2 wire communication connection between the master-slave and slave-slave. It is developed to reduce the cost of implementation.
Among the features that can be applied are dimming features and control for different grouping/section of the building.
The electronic ballasts can have up to 16 groups and each group can have up to 16 different lighting parameters for the lighting scenes. Each controller can controlled up to 64 electronic ballasts.
There are many ways to implement the DALI depending on the cost and requirements of a home or building. Most of the time, a microcontroller is used at both the slave and the master controller units as this is one of the most cost effective ways to implement the system.
Freescale Semiconductor has developed a prototype and solution based on DALI using its MC68HC908KX8 device. This is a good reference project for students and beginners to inter-networking of devices. The full application design
can be downloaded from Freescale Semiconductor website.
has developed from standalone type to more complicated networking controls. Many building management system and even the security system have incorporate the control of lighting into their system as a total solution to their customers. However, there are still no single universal protocol for the building or lighting control system.
The lighting industry has developed a new standard for communication with electronic ballast. Electronic ballast is a common lighting device that is used in practically every building, factory or residential house. This standard called IEC 929 is an interface standard for communication between a controller and the electronic ballast. The standard for the control is called DALI, an acronym for Digital Addressable Lighting Interface. DALI is meant for home or industry use which has 2 wire communication connection between the master-slave and slave-slave. It is developed to reduce the cost of implementation.
Among the features that can be applied are dimming features and control for different grouping/section of the building.
The electronic ballasts can have up to 16 groups and each group can have up to 16 different lighting parameters for the lighting scenes. Each controller can controlled up to 64 electronic ballasts.
There are many ways to implement the DALI depending on the cost and requirements of a home or building. Most of the time, a microcontroller is used at both the slave and the master controller units as this is one of the most cost effective ways to implement the system.
Freescale Semiconductor has developed a prototype and solution based on DALI using its MC68HC908KX8 device. This is a good reference project for students and beginners to inter-networking of devices. The full application design
can be downloaded from Freescale Semiconductor website.
X10 Home Automation Project
X-10 is a communication protocol designed for sending signals over 120 VAC wiring
. X-10 uses 120 kHz bursts timed with the power line zero-crossings to represent digital information. X10 components send signals through your home electrical wiring. There are 16 house codes and 16 unit numbers per house code available on your network for a total of 256 addresses. You can control multiple devices by setting them the same house code.
X10 plug in modules are now commonly used in the area of security
, lighting, control of TV, motion detectors and other applications. It should be noted if there is no filter at the house breaker box, signals can pass from one house to another and cause odd behavior. If you have problems with a device on a given house and unit code, experiment with other codes and see if the problem goes away.
X-10 transmissions are synchronized with the zero-crossings on the AC power line. By monitoring for the zero-crossings, X-10 devices know when to transmit or receive X-10 information. A binary ‘1’ is represented by a 1 ms long burst of 120 kHz, near the zero-crossing point of the AC. A binary zero is represented by the lack of the 120 kHz burst. The timing diagram is as shown below.
X10 Home Automation Project
This application note discusses the implementation of X-10 on a PICmicro MCU to create a home controller that can both send and receive X-10 signals. The reader may implement the home controller as is, or adapt the circuits and firmware
to other applications. A library of X-10 functions is provided to facilitate development of other X-10 applications using PICmicro microcontrollers.
It allows the user to program on and off times for up to sixteen devices, using a 2 x 16 liquid crystal display and five push buttons. A built-in light sensor can be used to turn on lights at dusk, and turn them off at The home controller is designed to facilitate experimentation with home automation using the PIC16F877A.
It will be a good project for final year students to embark on and hence gain a considerable experience in X10 wireless technology.
The application note of X10 Home Automation Project and its source codes can be downloaded from Microchip website.
. X-10 uses 120 kHz bursts timed with the power line zero-crossings to represent digital information. X10 components send signals through your home electrical wiring. There are 16 house codes and 16 unit numbers per house code available on your network for a total of 256 addresses. You can control multiple devices by setting them the same house code.
X10 plug in modules are now commonly used in the area of security
, lighting, control of TV, motion detectors and other applications. It should be noted if there is no filter at the house breaker box, signals can pass from one house to another and cause odd behavior. If you have problems with a device on a given house and unit code, experiment with other codes and see if the problem goes away.
X-10 transmissions are synchronized with the zero-crossings on the AC power line. By monitoring for the zero-crossings, X-10 devices know when to transmit or receive X-10 information. A binary ‘1’ is represented by a 1 ms long burst of 120 kHz, near the zero-crossing point of the AC. A binary zero is represented by the lack of the 120 kHz burst. The timing diagram is as shown below.
X10 Home Automation Project
This application note discusses the implementation of X-10 on a PICmicro MCU to create a home controller that can both send and receive X-10 signals. The reader may implement the home controller as is, or adapt the circuits and firmware
to other applications. A library of X-10 functions is provided to facilitate development of other X-10 applications using PICmicro microcontrollers.
It allows the user to program on and off times for up to sixteen devices, using a 2 x 16 liquid crystal display and five push buttons. A built-in light sensor can be used to turn on lights at dusk, and turn them off at The home controller is designed to facilitate experimentation with home automation using the PIC16F877A.
It will be a good project for final year students to embark on and hence gain a considerable experience in X10 wireless technology.
The application note of X10 Home Automation Project and its source codes can be downloaded from Microchip website.
Bluetooth Technology
Bluetooth technology is a radio frequency short range communications technology that was created with the intention of replacing wired cables that are used to connect various portable and fixed devices. The use of this technology will do away with the physical cables that connect devices. The key features are its low cost, low power and robustness in maintaining high level of security.
Bluetooth was made possible by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group(SIG) which was founded by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba in the year 1998. The objective was to develop an open specifications for short range wireless connectivity. More than 1900 companies have since joined the SIG and the numbers are increasing day by day.
Specifications
The specifications provide developers the link layer and application layer definitions which are used to support both voice and data applications. The spectrum of frequency used is in the unlicensed ISM(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band at 2.4 Ghz to 2.485 GHz using spread spectrum and frequency hopping. As this is a free band, there is no cost for the use of Bluetooth compared to cellular phones where one must subscribe to use the network of GSM or CDMA.
IEEE 802.15.1 standard is used in the development of Bluetooth enabled products. The versions used are Ver 1.2 with data rate of 1 Mbps and ver 2.0 with data rate of up to 3 Mbps. The range of operation depends on the device classes. They are:
Class 3 – 1 meter range with maximum permitted power set at 1mW.
Class 2 – 10 meters range with maximum permitted power set at 2.5mW.
Class 1 – 100 meters range with maximum permitted power set at 5mW.
Bluetooth Applications
The technology allows the data and voice transmissions to be handled simultaneously. Hence, Bluetooth applications have been used in communications solutions such as hands free headset, mobile phones, laptop, PDA, printers, mouse, keyboard, MP3 players and fax machines amongst others. As this technology is made available in the global scale, one will be able to find many products that exhibit such capability.
In Voice over IP (VOIP) application, Bluetooth headsets are being used as wireless extensions to the PC audio system. As VOIP becomes more popular compared to wired phone, Bluetooth may be used in Cordless handsets, with a base station connected to the Internet link.
One good link for free downloading of Bluetooth technology design is from IVT Corporation. It is a world leader in providing Bluetooth Technology and Fixed-Mobile Convergence(FMC) Solutions.
Bluetooth was made possible by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group(SIG) which was founded by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba in the year 1998. The objective was to develop an open specifications for short range wireless connectivity. More than 1900 companies have since joined the SIG and the numbers are increasing day by day.
Specifications
The specifications provide developers the link layer and application layer definitions which are used to support both voice and data applications. The spectrum of frequency used is in the unlicensed ISM(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band at 2.4 Ghz to 2.485 GHz using spread spectrum and frequency hopping. As this is a free band, there is no cost for the use of Bluetooth compared to cellular phones where one must subscribe to use the network of GSM or CDMA.
IEEE 802.15.1 standard is used in the development of Bluetooth enabled products. The versions used are Ver 1.2 with data rate of 1 Mbps and ver 2.0 with data rate of up to 3 Mbps. The range of operation depends on the device classes. They are:
Class 3 – 1 meter range with maximum permitted power set at 1mW.
Class 2 – 10 meters range with maximum permitted power set at 2.5mW.
Class 1 – 100 meters range with maximum permitted power set at 5mW.
Bluetooth Applications
The technology allows the data and voice transmissions to be handled simultaneously. Hence, Bluetooth applications have been used in communications solutions such as hands free headset, mobile phones, laptop, PDA, printers, mouse, keyboard, MP3 players and fax machines amongst others. As this technology is made available in the global scale, one will be able to find many products that exhibit such capability.
In Voice over IP (VOIP) application, Bluetooth headsets are being used as wireless extensions to the PC audio system. As VOIP becomes more popular compared to wired phone, Bluetooth may be used in Cordless handsets, with a base station connected to the Internet link.
One good link for free downloading of Bluetooth technology design is from IVT Corporation. It is a world leader in providing Bluetooth Technology and Fixed-Mobile Convergence(FMC) Solutions.
Battery Tester Project Using LM3914 IC
This objective of this project is to design and build a battery tester that is able to test various types of dry cell and rechargable battery with a voltage of less than 2V. Configured as a bar graph battery level indicator, the LM3914 IC from National Semiconductor senses the voltage levels of the battery under test and drives the 10 LEDs to ON or OFF based on the voltage that is detected. The current driving the LEDs is regulated by using the external resistor R1 and hence limiting resistors are not required.
The schematic shows the simple connections where the reference voltage at pin 8 of U1 can be adjusted by adjusting the variable resistor VR1. The voltage at pin 8 will set the maximum scale of the LED. In testing dry cell battery of 1.5V, set the voltage at pin 8 to 2.0V. Each of the LED will thus represent 200mV when lighted up.
If testing of rechargable battery such as NiCd or NiMH is required, set the reference voltage to a lower value such as 1.5V as the typical voltage of a rechargable battery is approximately 1.2V.
When testing the battery, take note of the polarity of the probe to the terminals of the battery. T1 is to be placed on the positive terminal and T2 the negative terminal of the battery.
The schematic shows the simple connections where the reference voltage at pin 8 of U1 can be adjusted by adjusting the variable resistor VR1. The voltage at pin 8 will set the maximum scale of the LED. In testing dry cell battery of 1.5V, set the voltage at pin 8 to 2.0V. Each of the LED will thus represent 200mV when lighted up.
If testing of rechargable battery such as NiCd or NiMH is required, set the reference voltage to a lower value such as 1.5V as the typical voltage of a rechargable battery is approximately 1.2V.
When testing the battery, take note of the polarity of the probe to the terminals of the battery. T1 is to be placed on the positive terminal and T2 the negative terminal of the battery.
Color Sensor
Colour sensor is an interesting project for hobbyists. The cir- cuit can sense eight colours, i.e. blue, green and red (primary colours); magenta, yellow and cyan (secondary colours); and black and white. The circuit is based on the fundamentals of optics and digital electronics. The object whose colour is required to be detected should be placed in front of the system. The light rays reflected from the object will fall on the three convex lenses which are fixed in front of the three LDRs. The convex lenses are used to converge light rays. This helps to increase the sensitivity of LDRs. Blue, green and red glass plates (filters) are fixed in front of LDR1, LDR2 and LDR3 respectively. When reflected light rays from the object fall on the gadget, the coloured filter glass plates determine which of the LDRs would get triggered. The circuit makes use of only �AND� gates and �NOT� gates.
When a primary coloured light ray falls on the system, the glass plate corresponding to that primary colour will allow that specific light to pass through. But the other two glass plates will not allow any light to pass through. Thus only one LDR will get triggered and the gate output corresponding to that LDR will become logic 1 to indicate which colour it is. Similarly, when a secondary coloured light ray falls on the system, the two primary glass plates corres- ponding to the mixed colour will allow that light to pass through while the remaining one will not allow any light ray to pass through it. As a result two of the LDRs get triggered and the gate output corresponding to these will become logic 1 and indicate which colour it is.
When all the LDRs get triggered or remain untriggered, you will observe white and black light indications respectively. Following points may be carefully noted :
1. Potmeters VR1, VR2 and VR3 may be used to adjust the sensitivity of the LDRs.
2. Common ends of the LDRs should be connected to positive supply.
3. Use good quality light filters.
The LDR is mounded in a tube, behind a lens, and aimed at the object. The coloured glass filter should be fixed in front of the LDR as shown in the figure. Make three of that kind and fix them in a suitable case. Adjustments are critical and the gadget performance would depend upon its proper fabrication and use of correct filters as well as light conditions
Wednesday, August 12, 2009
Fire Monitor
This project “Fire Monitor” is used to monitor the Temperature of two Rooms and if the sensor found any fire in the Room then the alarm will be switched ON until the Fire is put off else the Reset button is pressed. The Fire was sensed by using the Thermistor. The Thermistor is a passive device which has a Negative Temperature Co-efficient (NTC), i.e when the temperature increases then the resistance of the Thermistor will decrease. A analog comparator is used for the fire sensor circuit , at normal temperature the output of the comparator is low, and if there is any fire hazard, then the temperature increases and therefore the resistance of the Thermistor decreases and the output of the comparator goes High which Trigger the Microprocessor though the PPI 8255. Then the Microprocessor will switch ON the Alarm for fire. The above system is monitored and controlled by the 8 bit Microprocessor. The Microprocessor continuously monitors the two sensors and if any one of the sensor sense Fire then it latches the sensor and the microprocessor switch on the Alarm according to the software stored on the RAM.
FRIENDLY CHARGER FOR MOBILE PHONES
Most mobile chargers do not have current/voltage regulation or short-circuit protection. These chargers provide raw 6-12V DC for charging the battery pack. Most of the mobile phone battery packs have a rating of 3.6V, 650 mAh. For increasing the life of the battery, slow charging at low current is advisable. Six to ten hours of charging at 150-200mA current is a suitable option. This will prevent heating up of the battery and extend its life. The circuit described here provides around 180mA current at 5.6V and protects the mobile phone from unexpected voltage fluctuations that develop on the mains line. So the charger can be left ‘on’ over night to replenish the battery charge.
The circuit protects the mobile phone as well as the charger by immediately disconnecting the output when it senses a voltage surge or a short circuit in the battery pack or connector. It can be called a ‘middle man’ between the existing charger and the mobile phone. It has features like voltage and current regulation, over-current protection, and high- and low-voltage cut-off. An added speciality of the circuit is that it incorporates a short delay of ten seconds to switch on when mains resumes following a power failure. This protects the mobile phone from instant voltage spikes.
The circuit is designed for use in conjunction with a 12V, 500mA adaptor (battery eliminator). Op-amp IC CA3130 is used as a voltage comparator. It is a BiMOS operational amplifier with MOSFET input and CMOS output. Inbuilt gate-protected p-channel MOSFETs are used in the input to provide very high input impedance. The output voltage can swing to either positive or negative (here, ground) side. The inverting input (pin 3) of IC1 is connected to 12V stabilised DC voltage developed across zener ZD1. This makes the output of IC1 high. After a power resumption, capacitor C1 provides delay of a few seconds to charge to a potential higher than of inverting pin 2 of CA3130, thus the output of IC1 goes high only after the delay.
In the case of a heavy power line surge, zener diode ZD1 (12V, 1W) will breakdown and short pin 3 of IC1 to ground and the output of IC1 drops to ground level. The output of IC1 is fed to the base of npn Darlington transistor BD677 (T2) for charging the battery. Transistor T2 conducts only when the output of IC1 is high. During conduction the emitter voltage of T2 is around 10V, which passes through R6 to restrict the charging current to around 180 mA. Zener diode ZD2 regulates the charging voltage to around 5.6V.
When a short-circuit occurs at the battery terminal, resistor R8 senses the over-current, allowing transistor T1 to conduct and light up LED1. Glowing of LED2 indicates the charging mode, while LED1 indicates shortcircuit or over-current status. The value of resistor R8 is important to get the desired current level to operate the cut-off. With the given value of R8 (3.3 ohms), it is 350 mA. Charging current can also be changed by increasing or decreasing the value of R7 using the ‘I=V/R’ rule.
Construct the circuit on a common PCB and house in a small plastic case. Connect the circuit between the output lines of the charger and the input pins of the mobile phone with correct polarity.
Wednesday, July 29, 2009
Digital integrated circuit tester using microprocessor
The IC tester should be able to test some ICs to ascertain their functionality,state the actual fautly pin and give the necessary recommendations based on the fault detected as well as recommed the equivallent IC. The major instruments need are microproccessor, which will coordinate the activities of the components such as the socket were the IC will be inserted and the display gadget which will display the result.
Video Library-Management system
The current electronic world offers a lot of entertainment features to the people. In the electronic entertainment world the movie videos is one of the leading source. Lots of people are doing this entertainment feature through video libraries. There is a need for software for these video libraries which will assist them in a lot of ways. The project ‘Video Library-Management System’ consists of modules which are used to maintain the customers’ available, available movies, the video suppliers’ information, purchasing details, the member registration, issue of videos and their return status. The customer module covers the customer id, name, address, contact no, email address, city. This module allows the user to add, edit, and removal of customer details.
The movie module used to add, modify the movie details like movie title, movie cast, language of the movies, movie rating, hiring charges, no of copies available, description about the movies. The supplier module covers the supplier id, name, address, contact no, email address, city. This module allows the user to add, edit and removal of supplier details. The purchasing module consists of purchase no, supplier id, supplier name, supplier address, product item, quantity, unit, rate amount. The stock will be updated immediately after purchase.
The issue module maintain the information like issue no, movie id, movie name, hiring charges, customer id, customer name, issued days, scheduled return days. When the user return the videos the fine details if applicable also calculated and bill prepared accordingly. This software allows the user to generate detailed reports like the movies available, the customer details, the movies hired. These reports provide the detailed activity of the library. The language used is VB.NET to develop the GUI and MS Access as the backend to store the details.
The movie module used to add, modify the movie details like movie title, movie cast, language of the movies, movie rating, hiring charges, no of copies available, description about the movies. The supplier module covers the supplier id, name, address, contact no, email address, city. This module allows the user to add, edit and removal of supplier details. The purchasing module consists of purchase no, supplier id, supplier name, supplier address, product item, quantity, unit, rate amount. The stock will be updated immediately after purchase.
The issue module maintain the information like issue no, movie id, movie name, hiring charges, customer id, customer name, issued days, scheduled return days. When the user return the videos the fine details if applicable also calculated and bill prepared accordingly. This software allows the user to generate detailed reports like the movies available, the customer details, the movies hired. These reports provide the detailed activity of the library. The language used is VB.NET to develop the GUI and MS Access as the backend to store the details.
MOBILE POSITIONING USING WIRELESS NETWORKS
The aim of the project is to find out the best possible accurate mobile location method and demonstrate it with the help of a cell planning tool. Also find the fundamental limitation associated with the mobile positioning based on available wireless network measurements. In this Project we will investigate the Wireless Systems for locating and tracking users or goods within closed or open environments .which are of great interest for the human society as well as for world economy. Typical applications are e.g. emergency services and avalanche victim search or in mobile computing applications, tracking of goods and any location aware services. pervasive computing ,location-sensitive content deliver direction finding ,asset tracking ,emergency notification ,locate avalanche victims.
Water purification plant control system
You are working as a design engineer at a company that specializes in water treatment plants. You have been given the task to develop the control system software for the 1st stage dosing system of a water purification plant for a manufacturing company. Dirty water, as result of the manufacturing processes, is pumped into a settling tank to allow impurities to settle. To promote the settling process a flocculant must be added to the water in the Mixing Tank before the water enters the Settling Tank.
The amount of flocculant required is directly proportional to the amount of impurities in the water. The amount of solids in the water can be measured using a LDR sensor, the amount of impurities reducing the amount of light passing through the water. There are 4 solenoid valves that control the amount of flocculant that is added to the dirty water in the Mixing Tank. The amount of valves to be opened depends on how clear the water is. If the water is clear, all valves would be closed and as the amount of impurities in the water increases so more valves will be opened. The control system must use a PIC16F88 microcontroller and the development work must be done using the Matrix Multimedia development board.
The amount of flocculant required is directly proportional to the amount of impurities in the water. The amount of solids in the water can be measured using a LDR sensor, the amount of impurities reducing the amount of light passing through the water. There are 4 solenoid valves that control the amount of flocculant that is added to the dirty water in the Mixing Tank. The amount of valves to be opened depends on how clear the water is. If the water is clear, all valves would be closed and as the amount of impurities in the water increases so more valves will be opened. The control system must use a PIC16F88 microcontroller and the development work must be done using the Matrix Multimedia development board.
Micro controller Based Automobile Monitoring system
The aim of this project is to build a Micro controller Based Automobile Monitoring system. Using this system one can monitor the vehicle parameters to achieve safe drive. The system can monitor the km/h, engine temperature, fuel quantity, battery voltage, side stand status ect. Whenever any of these parameters goes beyond the set limits, the system will give alarm indication. All the parameters are displayed on liquid crystal display. This acts as an output media of the system. The brain of the system is the micro controller AT89S8252 that takes care of all the processing required. The controller is associated with components like ADC to ensure the analog values, temperature sensor to measure engine temperature, photo interrupter module to measure the speed, and keyboard to set the required limits.
Telephone record control
Circuit operation is as follows. When the phone is on hook the voltage across the phone line is about 48volts dc. When the phone is off hook the voltage will drop to below 10volts dc. When the line voltage is at 48volts the FET is off which causes Q2 and Q3 to be off. When the phone is picked up the FET turns on along with Q2 and Q3 which turns your recorder on. The tape recorder must be in the record mode at all times. As you can see the power source for the circuit is the phone line.
Prepaid energy meter
uses an 8051 and 89c2051.8051 as main microcontroller.89c2051 as smartcard and in it maximum units to be used is programmed.this data is given to 8051.8051 is connected to a digital energy meter.8051 is programmed to decrement the maximum units as aresponse to the information from digital energy meter.There is a buzzer to warn the user.When maximum use is made ,relay is cut off.Then we have to reset both microcontollers using push on switches
GPS based road traffic monitoring system
Aim is to monitor vehicles in a city using GPS satellites each vehicle has a device composed of sensors and circuits and transceiver and there will be a central station which proceses the information received thus the sensors in the vehicle such as speed sensors and acceleration sensors are used to know the state of the vehicle and when a driver violates a traffic rule the information and the identity of the vehicle is transmitted to the central station
Automation of Telephone Exchange
The purpose of making this project is to generally reduce the problems and obstacles while making a call. This can be done by replacing whole cards, connectors, buses etc by replacing a self designed digital IC. This project gives a basic idea of communication of Inter-exchange calling and Intra-exchange calling. The designing is possible by generating the codes through VHDL(a hardware description language for digital circuits).
Infrared Head phone
Using this low-cost project one can reproduce audio from TV without disturbing others. It does not use any wire connection between TV and headphones. In place of a pair of wires, it uses invisible infrared light to transmit audio signals from TV to headphones. Without using any lens, a range of up to 6 metres is possible. Range can be extended by using lenses and reflectors with IR sensors comprising transmitters and receivers
Gps navigation system
project is all about navigation various objects with 95%+ accuracy. 'gps module will recieve signals from satalite and transmit these signals to the base station through gprs. where on the base computer we have to map the gps point and send the cursor to the location as mapped. so i need how to perform this task. and i also need such a degital map which can detect even buildins like microsoft degital map. also need gps software
Railway station display
Project is to display the station name in each of the compartment of train. We plan to do this by giving a specific binary code(such as 101101110),and that code will be displayed using a led's and in front of train we have a demodulator.Using the result of demodulator we can display name of station from look up table
Automated Parking System
The project must have a system in which the car's driver is informed whether the parking is full or not.He is informed using LEDs(green,red).If parking is available the gate opens automatically.The counter is incremented or decremented using two devices which emit rays(one for incoming cars and the other for outgoing cars).All this must be done using microprocessor(mosty INTEL 8085).
Design for an automated door locks(smart key less entry)
A situation occurs when we lock our car doors with key inside the car.For this a transmitter is attached to the keychain and a transponder inside the car.When we lock with key inside the car, the transponder activates the transmitter, which inturn will make a hand-shake signal back to the transponder.Thus the transpon knows that the key is with in the range of the car. There will be a mechanism which will automatically open the door
Global Positioning of Robot Manipulators
The existing controllers for robot manipulators with uncertain gravitational force can globally stabilize only robot manipulators with revolute joints. The main obstacles to the global stabilization of robot manipulators with mixed revolute and prismatic joints are unboundedness of the inertia matrix and the Jacobian of the gravity vector. In this note, a class of globally stable controllers for robot manipulators with mixed revolute and prismatic joints is proposed. The global asymptotic stabilization is achieved by adding a nonlinear proportional and derivative term to the linear proportional–integral-derivative (PID) controller. By using Lyapunov's direct method, the explicit conditions on the controller parameters to ensure global asymptotic stability are obtained.
Voice recorder using ADC and microcontroller
voice recorder using ADC and microcontroller.Create a voice recorder using a PIC or a microcontroller and ADC. Use some conditioning circuits to condition the microphone output and feed it to the ADC. The converted values can be stored in some kind of memory. Samsung has got some nice memory chips that can be easily interfaced. Most modern MP3 players use this kind of memory. Use a DAC to convert the stored voice data back to analog format and play it through a speaker. If you feel that this is very simple for you then interface a keyboard and LCD display and make it look like a real voice recorder. Give options to change the storage format, like bit rate, frequency etc. Still you are not satisfied…… then use an ARM processor to implement this. Convert the voice to MP3 in real time and store the Mp3 data. Also write code to play back the stored Mp3.
Embedded sensor networks
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is made of numerous small independent sensor nodes, which consist of a battery, radio, sensors, and a minimal amount of onboard computing power and has wireless communication capabilities among sensor nodes. Application of sensor nodes is quite common in the field of Agricultural monitoring (for climate sensitive crops), structural monitoring etc. However object detection, classification and tracking using WSN is more challenging and involves sensing and recognizing an object that enters the network area by collecting signals (acoustic, magnetic etc.) and processing them not only in real time but also involving restricted power consumption constraints. The real time applications include vehicle tracking, inventory tracking inside factories, military tracking and identification of hostile intrusion vehicles, and automatic tollgate collection based on two wheelers or four wheelers.
Sensor nodes are distributed in an optimized pattern and by taking in to account the limited power sources of sensor nodes, the tracking of object or target with random movement patterns is done by an energy efficient tracking algorithm, called selective activation combined with prediction. Audio signals are used to detect and classify the objects among the known classes. Specific parameters called feature vectors are calculated from the sampled audio signals for various objects and are used to train the classifier for classifying the object to its class. The selection of appropriate classifier and feature vectors proved to be very significant for achieving high accuracy percentage in classification. Thus a highly customized version of classifier and tracking algorithm specifically suitable for WSN is achieved.
The proposed classification and tracking algorithm is implemented in matlab considering vehicles (Light and Heavy Vehicles) as targets and audio signal as signal source. The classification of the target is done along predictive tracking and the energy consumed per unit time in the sensor network is calculated. The overall response of the classifier for varied signals is also tested and accuracy percentages were determined. Thus the project forms a complete solution for implementation of intrusion detection, identification and tracking of targets using wireless sensor network technology.
Sensor nodes are distributed in an optimized pattern and by taking in to account the limited power sources of sensor nodes, the tracking of object or target with random movement patterns is done by an energy efficient tracking algorithm, called selective activation combined with prediction. Audio signals are used to detect and classify the objects among the known classes. Specific parameters called feature vectors are calculated from the sampled audio signals for various objects and are used to train the classifier for classifying the object to its class. The selection of appropriate classifier and feature vectors proved to be very significant for achieving high accuracy percentage in classification. Thus a highly customized version of classifier and tracking algorithm specifically suitable for WSN is achieved.
The proposed classification and tracking algorithm is implemented in matlab considering vehicles (Light and Heavy Vehicles) as targets and audio signal as signal source. The classification of the target is done along predictive tracking and the energy consumed per unit time in the sensor network is calculated. The overall response of the classifier for varied signals is also tested and accuracy percentages were determined. Thus the project forms a complete solution for implementation of intrusion detection, identification and tracking of targets using wireless sensor network technology.
Pc controlled vehicle
In this project, a vehicle (CAR) is selected and fitted with servo motors to control its motion (greas & stearing controls), a camera is also fitted to capture the front road. Two cell phones are used to communicate between the remote station and the vehicle. A digital signal (commonds from the controler) are send to the mobile throught the voice channel and the video LIVE is converted into digital and transmitted back to the station through the mobile voice channel. At remote station the digital signal received by the mobile ear piece is converted back to video signal and displayed on the screen. Here the remote station might be a LAPTOP, as the laptop can display the LIVE video, the key strokes are converted into digital to steer the vehicle and send it to the destination through the mobile.
On chip LDO with adaptive control
Low-dropout linear regulators (LDOs) have gained popularity with the growth of battery-powered equipment. Portable electronic equipment including cellular telephones, laptop computers and a variety of handheld electronic devices has increased the need for efficient voltage regulation to prolong battery life. LDOs are widely built into all electronic appliances by all means not only for portable electronic devices. Recently, in order to save power consumptions, a system that was originally supplied by one LDO is divided into many blocks and supplied by a plurality of LDO. This means that the power is supplied only to an operating block and unused blocks are made into a standby mode. So the power consumption can be saved for a full system
In this work, a quick response circuit is proposed to improve the load transient response of a fully On Chip Low Dropout Voltage Regulator, which is operable with very low power consumption for use in digital baseband of cell phones was developed. The quick response circuit consists of two high speed offset comparators working in tandem with respect to the load variations. The high speed comparators were incorporated into the fast path of the circuit thereby making the fast path loop adaptive to the changes in the load transient.
In this work, a quick response circuit is proposed to improve the load transient response of a fully On Chip Low Dropout Voltage Regulator, which is operable with very low power consumption for use in digital baseband of cell phones was developed. The quick response circuit consists of two high speed offset comparators working in tandem with respect to the load variations. The high speed comparators were incorporated into the fast path of the circuit thereby making the fast path loop adaptive to the changes in the load transient.
Fingerprint based ignition and door lock
Motor vehicle keys have sometimes been inconviencing basically based on the following facts: -The keys can easily be locked in the vehicle or misplaced, leading to the unattractive alternative of breaking the door in the former case or re modifying the ignition system in the latter case. -The vehicle can also be easily driven away by someone who manages to get access to the keys The fingerprint based ignition thefore provides a wonderful solution to the above inconviniences. In the project a fingerprint scanner is supposed to used, preferably connected to a computer system via a usb. Integration should be done with a c++ program and connected to a model vehicle
MICROPROCESSOR BASED RAILWAY SYSTEM
The aim of this project is to demonstrate the incorporation of computer method in railway traffic control to improve, safety, speed of handling the traffic and reliability. Here we employ the microprocessor (Intel 8085) to handle the signaling, track changing and gate operation and to monitoring the traffic. The system starts with the tracking if the train is sensed at the station side or starts with the gate operation (i.e. gate closing and opening) along with the track changing if the train is sensed at the gate side. Once the train arrival is sensed at a distance of about 3 kms the microprocessor performs the gate operation along with the track changing, the identification of the train is done at a distance of 3 kms accordingly the particular operation is performed by the processor. Depending upon the priority of the incoming train, the unengaged track is given for train halting.
Portable payment terminal
A payment terminal is a device which is used to make payments with a credit card or a debit card. These devices are very common these days and is found in almost all restaurants, petrol pumps, shopping malls etc. The device communicates with the bank server via a normal PSTN telephone line for verifying the card details and making the payment.
The aim of this project is the make a portable payment terminal making use of the modern mobile technologies. The PSTN communication part of the normal payment terminals can be replaced with a GPRS module. The communication with the server can take place using the GPRS link. Another means is the use the dial up feature. Here the only difference is that the mobile medium is used to get connected with the server
The aim of this project is the make a portable payment terminal making use of the modern mobile technologies. The PSTN communication part of the normal payment terminals can be replaced with a GPRS module. The communication with the server can take place using the GPRS link. Another means is the use the dial up feature. Here the only difference is that the mobile medium is used to get connected with the server
Electric Bikes
Today the Electric Bikes becomes as common as petrol bikes. More than six companies are now in the field of electric bike manufacturing these bikes costs from Rs.25000 toRs.35000. The cost of electric bikes now available is higher than petrol bike by four times some multinational companies are making conversion kit for bicycles. These kits costs from 550$ to 780$ these multinationals are now enter into Indian market with their product
The Electric bikes available & the conversion kits, which will be launched with in few months, are made of China and Taiwan. The MNC's expecting more than 100 million us $ business from India so our aim is to just give a small effort to assemble a conversion kit for petrol bikes which can be used for all most all bikes available in India. This conversion kit made of materials available in India According to calculation these kit is two times power full and cost only 30% than any other. Another major reason is the air pollution by the IC engines. By introducing cheaper more efficient conversion kits usage of electric bikes will be increases so air pollution decreases. Sound pollution by the e-vehicles is less than other vehicles
The conversion kit consists of mainly five parts. By adding these parts to the bike and removing and modifying some other parts we can convert the bike to electric bike. Main parts of the kit are
• MOTOR
• SPEED CONTROLLER
• BATTERY
• BATTERY LEVEL INDICATOR
• BATTERY CHARGER
The Electric bikes available & the conversion kits, which will be launched with in few months, are made of China and Taiwan. The MNC's expecting more than 100 million us $ business from India so our aim is to just give a small effort to assemble a conversion kit for petrol bikes which can be used for all most all bikes available in India. This conversion kit made of materials available in India According to calculation these kit is two times power full and cost only 30% than any other. Another major reason is the air pollution by the IC engines. By introducing cheaper more efficient conversion kits usage of electric bikes will be increases so air pollution decreases. Sound pollution by the e-vehicles is less than other vehicles
The conversion kit consists of mainly five parts. By adding these parts to the bike and removing and modifying some other parts we can convert the bike to electric bike. Main parts of the kit are
• MOTOR
• SPEED CONTROLLER
• BATTERY
• BATTERY LEVEL INDICATOR
• BATTERY CHARGER
RFID Access Control and Webcam Security
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. An RFID tag is an object that can be attached to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio waves. Chip-based RFID tags contain silicon chips and antennas. Passive tags require no internal power source, whereas active tags require a power source. An RFID system may consist of several components: tags, tag readers, edge servers, middleware, and application software.
The purpose of an RFID system is to enable data to be transmitted by a mobile device, called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader and processed according to the needs of a particular application. The data transmitted by the tag may provide identification or location information, or specifics about the product tagged, such as price, color, date of purchase, etc. The use of RFID in tracking and access applications first appeared in 1932, to identify aircraft as friendly or unfriendly (”identify friend or foe” (IFF)). RFID quickly gained attention because of its ability to track moving objects. As the technology is refined, more pervasive and possibly invasive uses for RFID tags are in the works.
In this project we are aiming to build an RFID based access control and attenedance management system, coupled with a webcam security feature. Every employees will be given RFID tags which are a must to enter through a door. The serial number of tag is associated with the employee database entry. So every time when an employee uses his card the entry will be entered into the datatbase with time stamp. Also an attached webcam will take a snap of the person using the card. This is used to cross verify in the event of an undesirable event. The attendance data then can be used to create many types of reports like daily attendance details, monthly, weekly, number of leaves, etc. The salary calculation can be automated using that data. The use of webcam reduces the proxy attendace attempts.
The purpose of an RFID system is to enable data to be transmitted by a mobile device, called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader and processed according to the needs of a particular application. The data transmitted by the tag may provide identification or location information, or specifics about the product tagged, such as price, color, date of purchase, etc. The use of RFID in tracking and access applications first appeared in 1932, to identify aircraft as friendly or unfriendly (”identify friend or foe” (IFF)). RFID quickly gained attention because of its ability to track moving objects. As the technology is refined, more pervasive and possibly invasive uses for RFID tags are in the works.
In this project we are aiming to build an RFID based access control and attenedance management system, coupled with a webcam security feature. Every employees will be given RFID tags which are a must to enter through a door. The serial number of tag is associated with the employee database entry. So every time when an employee uses his card the entry will be entered into the datatbase with time stamp. Also an attached webcam will take a snap of the person using the card. This is used to cross verify in the event of an undesirable event. The attendance data then can be used to create many types of reports like daily attendance details, monthly, weekly, number of leaves, etc. The salary calculation can be automated using that data. The use of webcam reduces the proxy attendace attempts.
BlueTooth Remote Control
Normal remote controls use either infrared rays or Raw RF signals to control devices. But a bluetooth remote control uses bluetooth technology to control devices. Bluetooth technology is essentially RF, but the difference comes from the fact that there are many layers in bluetooth that are above the RF layer.
Bluetooth is a very good technology to replace existing remote control technologies because bluetooth was specifically designed with the aim to replace short range wired communication. Bluetooth works on 2.4GHz frequency range. This is same as the frequency range for Wifi. There are many advantages of using bluetooth. Since its a radio frequency communication there are no line of sight limitations. Bluetooth has got the capability to find all the bluetooth devices in its range and communicate with them. The pairing ability of bluetooth ensures that the signals for a particular receiver are not mistaken for another one.
The importance of bluetooth is realised from the fact that almost every new handheld device is bluetooth enabled. This enables us to writes applications for these handhelds to act as remotes for our receivers. Your mobile phone can act as as remote for a bluetooth receiver. Mobiles phone can be programmed to wirelessly control a computer by using bluetooth. Bluetooth provides encryption to prevent unauthorized use of the receiver.
Bluetooth is a very good technology to replace existing remote control technologies because bluetooth was specifically designed with the aim to replace short range wired communication. Bluetooth works on 2.4GHz frequency range. This is same as the frequency range for Wifi. There are many advantages of using bluetooth. Since its a radio frequency communication there are no line of sight limitations. Bluetooth has got the capability to find all the bluetooth devices in its range and communicate with them. The pairing ability of bluetooth ensures that the signals for a particular receiver are not mistaken for another one.
The importance of bluetooth is realised from the fact that almost every new handheld device is bluetooth enabled. This enables us to writes applications for these handhelds to act as remotes for our receivers. Your mobile phone can act as as remote for a bluetooth receiver. Mobiles phone can be programmed to wirelessly control a computer by using bluetooth. Bluetooth provides encryption to prevent unauthorized use of the receiver.
Bluetooth Home Automation
Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs), also known as IEEE 802.15.1. Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices like personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras and video game consoles via a secure, globally unlicensed short-range radio frequency. Bluetooth is a radio standard and communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power class dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters, 100 meters) based around low-cost transceiver microchips in each device.
The idea behind bluetooth home automation is to control all the appliances in a house using bluetooth technology. Every appliance will be wired using a bluetooth controller. These devices can be named internally and be searched and found out using any bluetooth mobile or an embedded bluetooth remote controlled specifically made for this purpose. We can write a controller program for mobile phone. The program can scan for appliances in range and connect to them. Then the user can issue commands to control them. We can turn off lights, control the speed of fan etc. The device controller will be an embedded system which is always open to connection requests from mobile phones or hand held controllers or even computers fitted with a bluetooth adapter. The remote can be a bluetooth mobile phone or a specially designed remote. We can embed security features like a pass code also to prevent unauthorized access and control.
While using a PC for controlling the appliances the PC will have a program that shows a GUI for controlling the appliances. The Program can be written in .net or Java. A better choice of language is .NET as the language has got extensive support for bluetooth applications.
The idea behind bluetooth home automation is to control all the appliances in a house using bluetooth technology. Every appliance will be wired using a bluetooth controller. These devices can be named internally and be searched and found out using any bluetooth mobile or an embedded bluetooth remote controlled specifically made for this purpose. We can write a controller program for mobile phone. The program can scan for appliances in range and connect to them. Then the user can issue commands to control them. We can turn off lights, control the speed of fan etc. The device controller will be an embedded system which is always open to connection requests from mobile phones or hand held controllers or even computers fitted with a bluetooth adapter. The remote can be a bluetooth mobile phone or a specially designed remote. We can embed security features like a pass code also to prevent unauthorized access and control.
While using a PC for controlling the appliances the PC will have a program that shows a GUI for controlling the appliances. The Program can be written in .net or Java. A better choice of language is .NET as the language has got extensive support for bluetooth applications.
ICU Patient Monitoring And Alert System
Its very important to monitor the vital signals of patients in the ICU. Some times this can be a very difficult job when there are many signals to monitor and some of them are very important. Electronics sensors are available for almost all of the vital signals. And those sensors are very accurate. The vital signals are
1. Temperature
2. Pulse Rate
3. Blood Pressure
4. Respiratory Rate
The aim of the monitoring system is to measure all these signals and send them to server for continuous monitoring and notification. A device will be attached to the patient with all these sensors. The readings from these sensors are digitized and then transmitted to a central server via bluetooth, wifi or a wireless serial link. At the server end the signals are continuously monitored and if any signals are at alarm levels the system will automatically inform a doctor or responsible support person.
1. Temperature
2. Pulse Rate
3. Blood Pressure
4. Respiratory Rate
The aim of the monitoring system is to measure all these signals and send them to server for continuous monitoring and notification. A device will be attached to the patient with all these sensors. The readings from these sensors are digitized and then transmitted to a central server via bluetooth, wifi or a wireless serial link. At the server end the signals are continuously monitored and if any signals are at alarm levels the system will automatically inform a doctor or responsible support person.
Point of Experience Systems
Point of experience systems are a new concept to capture customer feedback. For every company feedback from customers is very important. The feed back data is vital to modifying a product to suit customer demand. The point of experience systems are kiosks where the customer can input his feedback about a product. These kiosks ask certain prefixed set of questions to a customer to which the customer responds. The responses are stored in a local database or sent to a server instantly.
These systems usually has a screen which shows the questions and the choice of answers. The user can select answers using a keypad. The answers can be stored in a local memory or can be send to a server. For remote connectivity we can use a dialup connection or a GPRS connection and a GSM modem.
These systems usually has a screen which shows the questions and the choice of answers. The user can select answers using a keypad. The answers can be stored in a local memory or can be send to a server. For remote connectivity we can use a dialup connection or a GPRS connection and a GSM modem.
Remote Unmanned Weather Stations
Remote Unmanned weather stations operate without the help of any human intervention in its activities. Such weather stations are ideal for remote places where dwelling is difficult or there is a shortage of experienced personals. For such an operation the weather station must be able to manage on its own, sensing of various parameters like temperature, pressure, humidity etc. The most important thing is to report the data to a central location where all the weather stations send their data. At this central location all the data from the various stations are analyzed and weather predictions are made. The task here is to send the data that we receive from the various sensors to a central location for processing automatically.
For this purpose we need a communication channel. We can use satellite, microwave, internet etc. But in all these types of communication channels the cost and the accessibility becomes an issue. To reduce the costs on infrastructure we are using a GSM network to communicate. We will be sending the data to our servers using a GSM modem either by SMS or by a GPRS connection. The data from the sensors is read into a micro controller and its framed into a particular format. Then this data is given to the modem for transmission through the GSM network.
For this purpose we need a communication channel. We can use satellite, microwave, internet etc. But in all these types of communication channels the cost and the accessibility becomes an issue. To reduce the costs on infrastructure we are using a GSM network to communicate. We will be sending the data to our servers using a GSM modem either by SMS or by a GPRS connection. The data from the sensors is read into a micro controller and its framed into a particular format. Then this data is given to the modem for transmission through the GSM network.
RFID Based Asset Management
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. An RFID tag is an object that can be attached to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio waves. Chip-based RFID tags contain silicon chips and antennas. Passive tags require no internal power source, whereas active tags require a power source. An RFID system may consist of several components: tags, tag readers, edge servers, middleware, and application software.
The purpose of an RFID system is to enable data to be transmitted by a mobile device, called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader and processed according to the needs of a particular application. The data transmitted by the tag may provide identification or location information, or specifics about the product tagged, such as price, color, date of purchase, etc. The use of RFID in tracking and access applications first appeared in 1932, to identify aircraft as friendly or unfriendly (”identify friend or foe” (IFF)). RFID quickly gained attention because of its ability to track moving objects. As the technology is refined, more pervasive and possibly invasive uses for RFID tags are in the works Asset management is a problem based by almost all companies and institutions. Companies need to keep track of their costly assets like Laptop, PDA, vehicles etc. When using RFID based asset management every asset will be tagged. If an asset is being removed from the store the reader at the store door marks its entry out and the person who is taking this out. If anyone tries to take it out without the usual procedure of checking out it will be detected outside and alarm will ring. Since every usage of the system is monitored and stored, we can generate various types reports from this software.
The purpose of an RFID system is to enable data to be transmitted by a mobile device, called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader and processed according to the needs of a particular application. The data transmitted by the tag may provide identification or location information, or specifics about the product tagged, such as price, color, date of purchase, etc. The use of RFID in tracking and access applications first appeared in 1932, to identify aircraft as friendly or unfriendly (”identify friend or foe” (IFF)). RFID quickly gained attention because of its ability to track moving objects. As the technology is refined, more pervasive and possibly invasive uses for RFID tags are in the works Asset management is a problem based by almost all companies and institutions. Companies need to keep track of their costly assets like Laptop, PDA, vehicles etc. When using RFID based asset management every asset will be tagged. If an asset is being removed from the store the reader at the store door marks its entry out and the person who is taking this out. If anyone tries to take it out without the usual procedure of checking out it will be detected outside and alarm will ring. Since every usage of the system is monitored and stored, we can generate various types reports from this software.
SMS Voting
SMS voting can be used for serious as well as fun purposes. The idea is to enable a user to give his opinion or choice about something using SMS. Our embedded system will capture the SMS sent by the person and parse it and will display a real time count of the votes each category has got. The typical applications are TV shows, and juke box channels where people can send SMS to select the song they wish to hear. Also the audience can be given the power to select the winner of stage contests.
The system will comprise of a GSM modem interfaced to a microcontroller and a LCD display. The Modem will receive SMS from the service provider. The embedded system will read the message from the sim. The contents of the message will be parsed for responses and the count will be displayed on the LCD screen. A provision can be given in which the message can be scrolled on a channel also
The system will comprise of a GSM modem interfaced to a microcontroller and a LCD display. The Modem will receive SMS from the service provider. The embedded system will read the message from the sim. The contents of the message will be parsed for responses and the count will be displayed on the LCD screen. A provision can be given in which the message can be scrolled on a channel also
Bluetooth Car Lock and Ignition control
Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs), also known as IEEE 802.15.1. Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices like personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras and video game consoles via a secure, globally unlicensed short-range radio frequency. Bluetooth is a radio standard and communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power class dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters, 100 meters) based around low-cost transceiver microchips in each device.
Bluetooth technology can be very effectively used for authentication and authorization purposes. Many levels of security are built into Bluetooth technology. We can utilize all of that to provide different levels of security to our car. The car lock control can be hard coded so that it responds to commands received from a single transmitter only. The Bluetooth transmitter is identified by using the hardware address which is unique for each transmitter. Another level of security can be added by using the pass key security in Bluetooth. The user will have to enter a pass code to start the engine ignition. The beauty of using Bluetooth technology lies in the fact that we can use ordinary mobile phones with Bluetooth technology in the place of the transmitter. So in effect the user can control his car doors and ignition from his Bluetooth enabled mobile phone. This technology has got significance since the number of Bluetooth enabled mobile phones are increasing.
Bluetooth technology can be very effectively used for authentication and authorization purposes. Many levels of security are built into Bluetooth technology. We can utilize all of that to provide different levels of security to our car. The car lock control can be hard coded so that it responds to commands received from a single transmitter only. The Bluetooth transmitter is identified by using the hardware address which is unique for each transmitter. Another level of security can be added by using the pass key security in Bluetooth. The user will have to enter a pass code to start the engine ignition. The beauty of using Bluetooth technology lies in the fact that we can use ordinary mobile phones with Bluetooth technology in the place of the transmitter. So in effect the user can control his car doors and ignition from his Bluetooth enabled mobile phone. This technology has got significance since the number of Bluetooth enabled mobile phones are increasing.
Bluetooth Remote Control For TV
Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs), also known as IEEE 802.15.1. Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices like personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras and video game consoles via a secure, globally unlicensed short-range radio frequency. Bluetooth is a radio standard and communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power class dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters, 100 meters) based around low-cost transceiver microchips in each device.
We can use Bluetooth technology to make remote control for normal TVs. Normal TVs use InfraRed technology for remote controlling. IR remotes works only from a very short range and they work only when the receiver and transmitter are in line of sight. Moreover IR offers no security as these signals can be mimicked very easily with the help of a little electronics.
Bluetooth offers a lot of advantages when compared to IR. Bluetooth is an RF technology and hence no line of sight is required. Bluetooth has device discovery and pairing technology and also built in security which allows a one to one mapping between transmitter and reciever. So no other device can be used for remote control. The most important advantage is that we can program an ordinary mobile phone with bluetooth facility to act as the transmitter without any hardware addition.
The transmitter will be ordinary mobile phones and the receiver will contain a Bluetooth module, and embedded controller and an IR re transmitter. The receiver module receives instructions from the mobile phone, and converts the instruction to equivalent IR signals. So the device can be made compatible with any TV model we choose.
We can use Bluetooth technology to make remote control for normal TVs. Normal TVs use InfraRed technology for remote controlling. IR remotes works only from a very short range and they work only when the receiver and transmitter are in line of sight. Moreover IR offers no security as these signals can be mimicked very easily with the help of a little electronics.
Bluetooth offers a lot of advantages when compared to IR. Bluetooth is an RF technology and hence no line of sight is required. Bluetooth has device discovery and pairing technology and also built in security which allows a one to one mapping between transmitter and reciever. So no other device can be used for remote control. The most important advantage is that we can program an ordinary mobile phone with bluetooth facility to act as the transmitter without any hardware addition.
The transmitter will be ordinary mobile phones and the receiver will contain a Bluetooth module, and embedded controller and an IR re transmitter. The receiver module receives instructions from the mobile phone, and converts the instruction to equivalent IR signals. So the device can be made compatible with any TV model we choose.
GPS Based Vehicle Tracking and Security System
Global Positioning System, usually called GPS, is the only fully-functional satellite navigation system. A constellation of more than two dozen GPS satellites broadcasts precise timing signals by radio, allowing any GPS receiver (abbreviated to GPSr) to accurately determine its location (longitude, latitude, and altitude) in any weather, day or night, anywhere on Earth.
GPS has become a vital global utility, indispensable for modern navigation on land, sea, and air around the world, as well as an important tool for map-making and land surveying. GPS also provides an extremely precise time reference, required for telecommunications and some scientific research, including the study of earthquakes. GPS receivers can also gauge altitude and speed with a very high degree of accuracy.
The United States Department of Defense developed the system, officially named NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System), and launched the first experimental satellite in 1978. The satellite constellation is managed by the 50th Space Wing. Although the cost of maintaining the system is approximately US$400 million per year, including the replacement of aging satellites, GPS is available for free use in civilian applications as a public good.
A GPS reciever placed in a car can recieve signals from these satellites and will calculate the exact location of the car in terms of latitude and longitude. This data can be sent to a server that can monitor the location. A GSM modem can be integrated into this project for providing security and remote control. The current location of the car can be found out by sending an SMS. The car can also be disabled by sending an SMS.
GPS has become a vital global utility, indispensable for modern navigation on land, sea, and air around the world, as well as an important tool for map-making and land surveying. GPS also provides an extremely precise time reference, required for telecommunications and some scientific research, including the study of earthquakes. GPS receivers can also gauge altitude and speed with a very high degree of accuracy.
The United States Department of Defense developed the system, officially named NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System), and launched the first experimental satellite in 1978. The satellite constellation is managed by the 50th Space Wing. Although the cost of maintaining the system is approximately US$400 million per year, including the replacement of aging satellites, GPS is available for free use in civilian applications as a public good.
A GPS reciever placed in a car can recieve signals from these satellites and will calculate the exact location of the car in terms of latitude and longitude. This data can be sent to a server that can monitor the location. A GSM modem can be integrated into this project for providing security and remote control. The current location of the car can be found out by sending an SMS. The car can also be disabled by sending an SMS.
GPS data logger
A GPS data logger is a device that can store GPS location information of all the places where the device is taken. This device is very useful for offline tracking of vehicles assets, animals etc. This information can be later transferred to a PC of a plotting device to trace the path followed by the object under observation. The device is essentially a GPS module and a storage medium. The most suitable storage medium is a flash memory. A microcontroller will read GPS information from the GPS module and stores them onto the flash memory. A time stamp is also attached to every reading to complete the trace. Once the data is captured the data is usually transferred to a PC to plot on a map and analyze the data.
Portable payment terminal
A payment terminal is a device which is used to make payments with a credit card or a debit card. These devices are very common these days and is found in almost all restaurants, petrol pumps, shopping malls etc. The device communicates with the bank server via a normal PSTN telephone line for verifying the card details and making the payment.
The aim of this project is the make a portable payment terminal making use of the modern mobile technologies. The PSTN communication part of the normal payment terminals can be replaced with a GPRS module. The communication with the server can take place using the GPRS link. Another means is the use the dial up feature. Here the only difference is that the mobile medium is used to get connected with the server
The aim of this project is the make a portable payment terminal making use of the modern mobile technologies. The PSTN communication part of the normal payment terminals can be replaced with a GPRS module. The communication with the server can take place using the GPRS link. Another means is the use the dial up feature. Here the only difference is that the mobile medium is used to get connected with the server
Thin air mouse glove
A thin air mouse glove is a glove that can be used as a pointing device. The is no mouse pad or hard surface, the user wears the glove and waves his hand in thin air and the cursor on the screen moves. The device is basically an accelerometer which measures the acceleration in various directions. All the readings from the accelerometer are taken and the direction of motion is calculated.
This is transmitted to the PC or the host machine via an RF link of a bluetooth link. The PC uses that data to move its mouse cursor. This technology can eliminate costly touch screens which are usually misused by public. Accelerometer mouse can also be very useful in certain industries where touchscreen deployment is not possible.
This is transmitted to the PC or the host machine via an RF link of a bluetooth link. The PC uses that data to move its mouse cursor. This technology can eliminate costly touch screens which are usually misused by public. Accelerometer mouse can also be very useful in certain industries where touchscreen deployment is not possible.
Wireless Local positioning system
A local positioning system is similar to a GPS system, but restricted to a specified area, usually a building or a campus. Normally local positioning systems are very accurate. Such positioning systems also use the triangulation method to locate a target. The aim of this project is to create wireless positioning system for a school campus and track various costly assets.
The idea is to use a RF positioning where the item under observation will send out a beacon signal periodically. This signal will be picked up by 3 or more strategically placed receivers. The signal strength is used to calculate the distance of the object from the receiver. Getting more than 3 distances and applying it to the distance formule can provide with the exact location of the target.
The idea is to use a RF positioning where the item under observation will send out a beacon signal periodically. This signal will be picked up by 3 or more strategically placed receivers. The signal strength is used to calculate the distance of the object from the receiver. Getting more than 3 distances and applying it to the distance formule can provide with the exact location of the target.
Car Keyless entry
Key less entry is gaining popularity among luxury cars these days. Toyota cars are equipped with keyless entry. In some luxury cars there is no key at all. The driver will carry a small RF device which will transmit a beacon. The receiver in the car can detect this beacon. The receiver is capable of determining the distance of the rf key. The security systems of the car will be deactivated only if the RF key is within a certain distance from the vehicle. Old systems used plain RF communication to make this possible.
But car thief’s became smarter and they started hacking those systems. The next generation featured encoded signals, but they were also not very helpful. Now most of the systems are hybrid ones which cannot be hacked very easily. Modern keyless entry systems feature bluetooth, zigbee etc which can be controlled from mobile phones also.
But car thief’s became smarter and they started hacking those systems. The next generation featured encoded signals, but they were also not very helpful. Now most of the systems are hybrid ones which cannot be hacked very easily. Modern keyless entry systems feature bluetooth, zigbee etc which can be controlled from mobile phones also.
Direct signaling for trains
Now a days trains have offline signaling. The train driver will have to look for the signal manually and take an action according to the signal available. If by any chance if he misses a signal that can be very fatal. So if there is a direct signaling mechanism to get the signal inside the train itself then its really useful in saving a lot of lives.
The concept is to setup a short range transmitter on every signaling pole so that the train can pick up the signal as it approaches the pole. Any of the commercial wireless communication protocols can be used. Wifi or long range bluetooth becomes the best candidates. The signaling poles can be reached through the railnet optical fibre cables or by using satellite relays.
The concept is to setup a short range transmitter on every signaling pole so that the train can pick up the signal as it approaches the pole. Any of the commercial wireless communication protocols can be used. Wifi or long range bluetooth becomes the best candidates. The signaling poles can be reached through the railnet optical fibre cables or by using satellite relays.
Talking RFID access control
This is the combination of 2 projects. The RFID access control project and the Text to speech converter project. Both these projects can be done independently and then can be combined together to form this project. The RFID module will detect the RFID cards and will pull up information about the card from a database and provides access or denies it.
Usually LEDs or buzzers are used to indicate the status of the access request. In this project instead of LEDs or buzzers we will use a text to speech converter to produce real human voices. When John, who has access shows his RFID card, the system will check the DB and then greet him with a voice message, “Hello John, welcome to the office”. This is achieved by the main controller of the project sending text information to the text to speech converter. Most of the converters have serial input.
Usually LEDs or buzzers are used to indicate the status of the access request. In this project instead of LEDs or buzzers we will use a text to speech converter to produce real human voices. When John, who has access shows his RFID card, the system will check the DB and then greet him with a voice message, “Hello John, welcome to the office”. This is achieved by the main controller of the project sending text information to the text to speech converter. Most of the converters have serial input.
Talking Fingerprint access control
A finger print access control is where the unique finger print of the user is used to recognize the user. Most finger print systems now have memory also also that no external memory interfacing is required. A talking finger print access control where the user interface will use speech out put to direct the user. This is a combination of 2 projects, the finger print access control project and the text to speech project.
The finger print access control project will pull up information from a database and cross check it with the print and then grants access or denies it. With the text to speech module attached to it and with a bit of coding, we can make the system talking. If someone with out access tries his finger, it will saw “You dont have access, sorry”. This is done by sending text info to the text to speech converter by the main microcontroller.
The finger print access control project will pull up information from a database and cross check it with the print and then grants access or denies it. With the text to speech module attached to it and with a bit of coding, we can make the system talking. If someone with out access tries his finger, it will saw “You dont have access, sorry”. This is done by sending text info to the text to speech converter by the main microcontroller.
Home weather dashboard
A weather dashboard is a display screen which will show weather information and forecasts for a particular area. The information can be fetched from a local server or a server in the internet. Here the project idea is to make a home weather dash board which shows the weather forecast for the current place and also the current situation. The dash board is basically a TV or an LED matrix display.
There will be an embedded system controlling this and the system is wifi. The device will fetch information from the server via the wifi internet connection and then it will format it and display it. The components needed are an access point, a serial to ethernet convertor and powerful microprocessor to handle the complex signals in the case of images.
There will be an embedded system controlling this and the system is wifi. The device will fetch information from the server via the wifi internet connection and then it will format it and display it. The components needed are an access point, a serial to ethernet convertor and powerful microprocessor to handle the complex signals in the case of images.
Rolling code security for remote controls
Remote controls can be hacked. Especially the ones that use RF with out any encoding schemes can be hacked very easily. Keyless entry for cars, garage doors etc are the ones which are more venerable to attack. Attackers use custom made handsets which mimick the frequency of the original handset to get the attack done. Rolling code security mechanisms are used to protect wireless remotes from such attacks.
The idea is to use a synchronised code. The transmitter and receiver agrees on a particular code for the next transmission. If only that matches in the next transmission will it be accepted. After every successful transmission the code is changed by either the transmitter or the receiver and is then synchronized. In this method no other handset can communicate with the receiver with out knowing the code. The only draw back of this system is that only one handset can be used.
The idea is to use a synchronised code. The transmitter and receiver agrees on a particular code for the next transmission. If only that matches in the next transmission will it be accepted. After every successful transmission the code is changed by either the transmitter or the receiver and is then synchronized. In this method no other handset can communicate with the receiver with out knowing the code. The only draw back of this system is that only one handset can be used.
Bluetooth based remote control for servo motor
Dc motors and servo motors are essential components for robotics projects. And most of the robotics projects become really interesting when the projects are wireless also. The most common wireless technology used till now was the FM or RF technology. But there are many disadvantages to using such analogue communication technologies.
Bluetooth is a short range digital communication protocol suitable for robotic projects. The remote control consists of a receiver and a transmitter. In this case we can use a standard bluetooth module as the receiver. The transmitter may be custom made from a bluetooth module, or a small program can be written on any smart phones with bluetooth capability. J2me and windows mobile are the best for this purpose. Symbian also can be used.
Bluetooth is a short range digital communication protocol suitable for robotic projects. The remote control consists of a receiver and a transmitter. In this case we can use a standard bluetooth module as the receiver. The transmitter may be custom made from a bluetooth module, or a small program can be written on any smart phones with bluetooth capability. J2me and windows mobile are the best for this purpose. Symbian also can be used.
Zigbee sensor network to measure seismic activity
Measuring seismic activity is very essential for predicting earthquakes. Many such measuring devices are placed at various places of the world. But for a better prediction covering an entire area is very important. A collection of zigbee sensor networks can help to do this. Many zigbee enabled seismic sensors can be deployed at various places especially city under grounds to monitor seismic patterns.
The data collected by each sensor will hop through the zigbee network to reach a wifi station from where it will be transmitted to a server. Several such networks deployed across the world sending seismic activity to a central server can be set up. All this data on the server with proper analysis can help in predicting changes in seismic activity and may be and earthquake.
The data collected by each sensor will hop through the zigbee network to reach a wifi station from where it will be transmitted to a server. Several such networks deployed across the world sending seismic activity to a central server can be set up. All this data on the server with proper analysis can help in predicting changes in seismic activity and may be and earthquake.
Location based advertising
Where can we make use of location based advertising ? Definitely it has to be on something that moves. Mobile, yes, but not this time. This about buses. All these buses travel many places, and most of the new ones have got electronic billboards. Why not run location based advertisements on them. The idea is to create a directory of locations (latitude and longitude) and advertisements.
An algorithm needs to be developed to find proximity to a location and change the advertisement based on that. Due to the complexity of the project, its better implemented on an embedded linux box. Coupled with GPRS, the advertisements can be updated on the fly, with out even having to stop the vehicle. The different modules of the project include an LED display controller, a GPS module and GPRS handler.
An algorithm needs to be developed to find proximity to a location and change the advertisement based on that. Due to the complexity of the project, its better implemented on an embedded linux box. Coupled with GPRS, the advertisements can be updated on the fly, with out even having to stop the vehicle. The different modules of the project include an LED display controller, a GPS module and GPRS handler.
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